Space Biotechnology(SB): Research, Development and future perspective

Biotechnology is the applied  and multidisciplinary science. Research and development (R & D)  in the biotechnology  in  space  is  categorised under Space biotechnology. In this time,  biotechnology is categorized into many divisions but five are major. These are(PAMAI):

A.     Plant biotechnology

B.     Animal biotechnology

C.     Medical biotechnology

D.     Agricultural biotechnology

E.      Industrial  biotechnology

Beside this one of the most emerging division is Space biotechnology.  Space  biotechnology  will be  fully integration of  PAMAI along with Biology, Mathematics , Physics, Chemistry,  Technology(tools and  techniques)  and Databases(Bioinformatics). Space biotechnology mission is concerned with research and development  in the space or other planets . Space  research and development  in the microgravity regions to help  in unwinding  many mysteries  of  the life.  The research and development in PAMAI may  be under the space biotechnology. Actually ,the practices of growing the single cell protein (SCP)  by astronauts or space travellers is also small scale production of edible protein for food (survival).  R & D in the space biotechnology will help  in many circles of  life . The cost  and investment  in R &  D  about general biotechnology division  is highly expensive. But  research and development in space biotechnology is more expensive than general biotech R & D (PAMAI). The curious mind of the humans and high IQ increases desire. To know about our planet’s (earth) living system and metabolism is not enough for  the scientists, therefore scientists of the world desire to develop  the concept of space biotechnology. The effects  of  microgravity  and statistical and theoretical thermodynamics on the living system for study of  metabolic  pattern  in the space (presence of microgravity) is crucial to understand the single cell life pattern  and cell behaviour. The metabolic pattern of  the cell (prokaryotes & eukaryotes) on the earth under the influence of  the earth’s gravity  may differ from  organisms which  are under microgravity. Recombinant DNA technology(RDT)   may play crucial role in the space biotechnology for production of desired  protein and  recombinant organic food for astronauts or space travellers. If our earth’s natural resources will be  consumed and there   will not be  enough lands  and resources for food production then possibly human civilization may migrate towards moon, other planets or even in the space. The futuristic human colony will establish around 2150 AD . Many of the  space oriented companies  are now trying to establish  human colonies  on the moon or other planets  . It means there will not be  options for agriculture or food production resources other than space biotechnology in future on the other planets  or moon or in the space. It is possible that space industrialization and business operations  can be operated  by well developed and rich countries in the space. The tools and techniques  of  biotechnology can enhance the probability of  life sustainability  in  future. The environmental conditions of the moon(Lunar) can be changed by integration of various technologies. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  of  the United states of  America(USA) is putting  great  efforts on this research proposal. The life in microgravity (in space or moon) may  affect  the metabolism of the living cell and also affect the gene expression even under appropriate conditions. There are many curious experiments  and research which will  be possible in space biotechnology that ultimately helps in survival of  life of  human beings in space for future generations. It is also possible to transform  non live  planet to the life sustainable planet . Now scientific efforts  are going on at this time . Mostly, more developed countries are well dedicated towards space biotechnology at this time and our research is in nascent stage. 

Antibiotic Pollution : A New Dimension in Environmental pollution

Introduction-  Antibiotic pollution means undesired presence of antibiotics in the environment arising from treatment of infectious disease to livestock prevention and production by human beings. In the context of , antibiotic pollution antibiotics as pollutant. These antibiotics spreading from living systems to non-living systems by various mechanisms. The presence of antibiotics and its residues found in the water, soil and even cow milk (reported from WHO- World Health organization) or packed milk exhibits the antibiotic contamination. The contamination of antibiotics in the desired area became a challenging problem. There are several classes of antibiotics has been discovered and most of the classes are severely affects the soil micro-environment and human micro-biome. The antibiotics not only affects the human micro-biome and but also helps in evolution of  superbugs . Superbugs are those  bacteria which are resistant to many antibiotics or single antibiotics. In some developing and developed countries antibiotics are used in agricultural practices.

Four major reasons of antibiotic pollution:

a)    Overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

b)   Disposal of  expire and non-expire antibiotics in the soil and water-resources.

c)    Antibiotic residues or waste discharged by pharmaceuticals companies in the water

d)   Disposal of  hospital or clinical waste contaminated with antibiotics.

he antibiotic overuse and misuse in both developed and developing countries are responsible for antibiotic pollution . The presence of antibiotic residues in the environment and natural systems at global risk. Antibiotic helps in development of superbugs and many antibiotic resistant strain in the microbial  world . The use of antibiotics is limitless and broad applications . Antibiotics pollution spread throughout the world. Now The antibiotic residues found in the soil, water-bodies like river, hospitals and environment. According to NCBI report various regions of India have discovered antimicrobial residues  in food animal products (such as chicken meat and milk), indicating that antibiotic use in food animal production is widespread. Not only this, many countries of the world suffers from this type of problem.

Antibiotics used in livestock for prevention from diseases, growth and ultimately helps in meat production.  Increasing population highly demands meats and animals food products that required more antibiotics(more use in poultry farm). From the recent studies the introduction of antibiotics in the humans, chickens and other commercial product producing animals may led to  incomplete absorption and alteration in metabolism, a considerable fraction is released into the environment through a variety of routes, such as sewage effluent, surface runoff, agricultural activities, and animal waste discharge. Small fraction of the antibiotic and its waste or residues can enhance of the evolution of antimicrobial resistance or superbug bacteria and that may be  hardly resistant to classical antibiotics to the fifth(5^th ) generations of the modern antibiotics. There are many cases in humans that are badly affected and exposed by antibiotic resistant microbes and unsuccessful to treat by all modern antibiotics. Selective pressure of antibiotic pollution on bacteria of importance to public health and their consequences because antibiotic selection pressure helps in superbugs evolution. The wastes from hospitals and clinic play a major role in antibiotic pollution.

 Possible modes of reduction in antibiotic pollution :

Antibiotic pollution and its effects can be controlled and minimized by -

a)    Use of antibiotics after prescriptions of doctor, do not use any antibiotics for normal purposes and without advice of doctors.

b)   Do not store large amount of antibiotics without use or need  that get expired .

c)    Do not dispose antibiotics or antibiotic residues or waste in the soil or water without pre-treatment or destroying it. Using the heat for destruction of expired antibiotics or residues  or waste.

d)   Do not use excess amount of antibiotics in livestock or poultry for meat production.

e)    Disposal of hospitals and clinical waste after pre-treatment and heat exposure in the isolated chambers.

f)     Treatment of the wastes  from pharmaceuticals companies before discharged in water or water channel of cities.

g)    Awareness among people for minimum use of antibiotics.

Conclusions:

Antibiotics are both life saving drugs as well as life diminishing agents. Spreading of antibiotics in the environment and natural resources by human activities cause severe problems.  Awareness among  people  of  scientifically use and management of antibiotics residues. If  ignorance of antibiotic pollution that will take lesser time for being an earth of antibiotic polluted planet.

Health from Soil to Society

As we know that health is wealth and it is true for peoples who are suffered from disease. Everyone wants to healthy and happy life.Today my question is that is the term health only for living world ?  The answer is No and  now you should think about how it is possible. The our food material comes from agricultural practices.The  conventional method for crop production soil is first need. In the course of  large amount production of food material for large  population , the soil chemistry became altered. The chemistry of soil is very important for plant growth and the production. The agricultural practices in 21th centuries greatly affect the soil chemistry .It also affects the essential microbes for growth of plants. The plant needs 17 essential elements for growth and development of crop from soil. If the alteration in the ratio of these elements or absence of any elements leads to reduction in productivity. In the different countries many farmers used high amount of fertilizers which ultimately affects the soil chemistry and reduced the fertility of the soil. Reduction in fertility is the  sign of  unhealthy soil. Keep in mind that the term health is not only for living world but also for Solis. An unhealthy soil may deficient in essential element  or may contains heavy metals or  undesire chemical species that  may be anti-nutrient elements for plant. The heavy metals and and other insecticide or pesticides used by farmers may accumulate in plant tissue or edible parts and ultimately accumulate in human body which effects our body system. Deficiency in nutrient in plants ultimately arise deficiency in the body and imbalance in nutrient dietary sources. For the  growth and development and proper function of our body balanced diet is crucial need. The food quality in India now decreased by essential nutrient components. From vegetables to fruits nutrient level greatly decreased.This is the report of IDA (Indian Dietary  Association ).The our dietary plate for food is now imbalanced . This is a major problem but not only for India alone also many countries.Imbalanced diet may gradually affects both physical and mental capacity of work.This can cause unhealthy body and we know that healthy mind in unhealthy body may becomes unhealthy mind .This can also affect our logic and thinking capacity . Sum of all affect individual of the society and society will be unhealthy. Unhealthy society means all individuals are unhealthy.Conclusion of this article is that chemistry of the soil may affects biochemistry of plants as well as our society.

Public confusion towards selection of therapy

The therapy is the treatment of disease. There are two broad categories of disease: physical and mental disease. Now our science and technology has been developed  very well and more advanced in therapy of several diseases. The global population increases more rapidly  along with introduction or evolution of new diseases. In the course of, developing of new diseases, various types of the therapy developed by the scientist. The physical and mental state of the body may greatly affected by our life styles. Our habit and habitat, nature of food , duration of sleeping and continuous display contact(CDC) to the smart phones or computers are responsible for disorganization of body and mind. A lots of physical to mental problems around in and us. Get rids of these types of disease peoples goes to doctors for therapy. People wants to healthy anyhow. For this purposes they change the doctor and due to this mode of therapy may change. Our understanding must be on selection of therapy. Mode of therapy may affects the body system from shorter to longer period of the time. Peoples of 21th century think fastly and do quickly. The action time of allopathy is less as compared to homeopathy. Keep in mind that any therapy may not applicable for all types of disease. Each type of therapy have certain limitations. Some people follow the rule of as per conditions but not always beneficial for our health. Each type of disease can be treated by  particular therapy. One of the major disease is psychic disease which may treated by psychtrist. This  disease is corresponding to therapy. Stress of the brain can be reduced by using song so this therapy is called music therapy. Some of the doctors believed in music therapy and they also succeeded. If any person suffers from mental stress like headache can reduced themselves. To date , our life became journey of disease and end with death. So peoples are confused for the therapy. A good doctor is more serious for therapy and dedicated to therapy. Not always therapeutic drugs is beneficial . One of the ancient therapy is yoga. Now a days this yoga therapy is famous all around the world. My opinion is that the selection of disease correspondent therapy is good approach. Mode of therapy can make life happy and may be curses for us.Effects of incorrect therapy may reverts the disease in whole life.We are owner of both mind and physical body ourselves and how does it maintenance is our problem .To take the right decision is our  challenge.Be carefull during the time of therapy selection. 

Memory Editing Technology: Theory to Therapy

Memory editing technology(MET) is the futuristic technology that may helps in editing of biological memory of the brain. These editing may be deletion of bad or unwanted memories and keep storable memories for longer period of life. Scientists believe in editing of memories for many purposes. This approach may brings new era of memory editing. It is believed that our ancestors had strong memory, but in logical and digital life this memory capacity loses generation after generation.In the 21th century our life became digitalized and youth generation more attracted towards electronic gadgets and computers. Owning to digital life , life becomes fast and intelligencey(IQ) has been increased and memory decreased. Everyone wants to comfortable life and also this brings time of multitasking. Now this multitasking is one of the major problem for younger generation that ultimately leads to loss of memory. Now a days this loss of memory cause severe problems around the world. It is possible to that you may also be suffer from this problem.Get rids of memory losses, scientists are trying to how to delete bad or unnecessary memory and input positive thinks inside the brain. I am not talking about any science fiction movie or documentary because it is possible. The development in science and technology is wonderful in this time . Its future will be miraculous. Memory editor machine(MEM) or device will help in editing of memory. This MEM will touch Biological system, Computer, Biophysics, Biotechnology and many other subjects and components. There are many purposes of memory editing technology (MET) one of them may be mental therapy , to know the behaviour or Psychology of peoples with different timeframes and even transfer of electronic data into biological brain. In the education system this can shorting the time required for whole education in the life if using the memory editer  machine (MEM) that can transfer syllables of different classes of different subjects simultaneously or different timeframes ( in short time). Not only this it will helps in therapy. If any person wants to delete their unwanted memory and insert false memory  for entertainment or positive think will possible.A person with Alzheimer or dementia can be successfully treated by memory editing technology. A memory loss  digitalized person can hold memory by using memory editor machine (MEM). There are also many negative consequences over MET. How much negative impact of MET may not say properly by anyone. Antisocial elements can misuse this technology. After invention of this technology more numbers of people will admitted in the doctor's clinic. Research is going on in this field and it will brings new trend in psychotherapy.

Bioweapons: The Weapons of Future World War

A Bioweapon may be any organism that can be used as weapons for kill or weaken human. The Bioweapons may be bacteria, fungi, viruses or insects , that are infectious for human beings. These Bioweapons can be used in Biological warfare. The main purposes of bioweapons as to reduce the quality of life or fairly kill the humans. Biological warfare is the deliberate spreading of the disease causing entities amongst humans, animals and plants (may agricultural fields or forests). This news may be new for some individuals but the biowarfares happened many times according to History. However the idea and foundation of Microbiology by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch offered new approach for development of Bioweapons by Microbiologist or Bioweapons developer. Their ideas allowed agents to be chosen and programming for target. Target may be any Biological systems such as humans , animals and cropfields or forests . Nobody really knows that what the countries are working on today and what happened to the weapons they produced. Some well developed countries and some developing countries exhibit the nation's power through nuclear bombs and missiles but they dosen't  show any Biological weapons yet. They may be hidden under the high security.  It may be possible to use of Bioweapons during next world war. The Bioweapons like pathogenic bacteria or viruses can be used in ballistic missiles or in place of nuclear bomb. In the future, these bacteria may be Superbugs of TB (antibiotic resistance ), Pneumonia and some bacteria of Plague , Anthrax and possibilities of many pathogenic bacteria. The viruses such as zika , Ebola,HIV, and many others can be used in next world war. The use of Bioweapons both in first and second world war , but in the second world war America had been used nuclear bombs against Japan and destroyed two cities as Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Millions of peoples died after bomb barding. But development in science and technology , the world's countries became more sensitive and active. Keep in mind that this is time of Biotechnology . Tools of Biotechnology as recombinant DNA technology (RDT) helps in production of superbugs and genetic modified microbes(GMM) that enhances the capabilities of pathogenic bacteria and that can bring havoc.
Treaties for prohibition on Bioweapons was started in 1925 in the Geneva called as Geneva protocol and other was started in 1972 in the London. But Geneva protocol was failed but Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is effective at present time.
More than 100 of countries signatured  in BWC .According to this convention not use of any biological weapons during wars by military forces of any country.  If any Bioweapons used in huge amounts in the future's world war that may be doom's day of human. After this , our earth will be diseased  and called planet of Bioweapons.

Non- Conventional Food : A Dietary Source For Coming Era

Energy source is one of the basic needs for survival of any living organism. Food used as source of energy by human beings. Now our food source comes from agricultural practices by farmers. We know that global populations mainly depending on conventional food production and land as platform for crop growing. The United Nations Population Fund has estimated that the global human population may reach 10 Billion by 2050 as well as there is so strong evidence that agriculture will not be able to meet the demand which will lead to serious risk of food scarcity for the generation of the next era . Scientists are trying to the development of alternative food source other than conventional food( used as land) called as non - conventional food (NCF). Non- conventional food may be microbes( Bacteria, Fungi), algae , insects etc. It may be used as whole body( parts). Scientists discovered microbes are riched in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins ,fats , minerals and essential amino acids and also used as food supplements. The concept of single cell protein (SCP) is central to non - conventional food . SCP refers to edible unicellular protein rich microorganisms. SCP may be fungi , yeast, algae, and bacteria. For examples spirulina is a cyanobacteria( blue- green algae) and well known for high protein content. Other example is Chlorella which is green algae and also content proteins , minerals, vitamins etc . Both ( Spirulina & Chlorella ) are used as food supplement currently. Now India is grown ups in the field of large scale production of Spirulina and Chlorella. Not only this , in many countries insects used as part of food . Some of the insects are beneficial for dietry source of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, minerals and essential amino acids. Its larva and adult stages are more beneficial. In the case of bacteria , research is going on . Using the Biotechnology tools more bacterial species can be used as protein and carbohydrate source. Past experiment was fail but Biotechnology tools recombinant DNA technology (RDT) is able to producing desire protein content bacterium. Gene of interest (GOI) of protein in a bacterium may helps to production of desire protein. After the selection of SCP and insects , its large scale production for commercial utilization for public is ultimate destination without the side effect or bad health concerns. In the future these non - conventional foods will see in the market and formulation may be solid or powdered form( dried) , liquid or semi- solid. These are not thematic and process is ongoing which is more beneficial to our next generation along with high population.