Introduction- Antibiotic
pollution means undesired presence of antibiotics in the environment arising from
treatment of infectious disease to livestock prevention and production by human
beings. In the context of , antibiotic pollution antibiotics as pollutant.
These antibiotics spreading from living systems to non-living systems by
various mechanisms. The presence of antibiotics and its residues found in the water,
soil and even cow milk (reported from WHO- World Health organization) or packed milk exhibits the
antibiotic contamination. The contamination of antibiotics in the desired area
became a challenging problem. There are several classes of antibiotics has been
discovered and most of the classes are severely affects the soil
micro-environment and human micro-biome.
The
antibiotics not only affects the human micro-biome and but also helps in
evolution of superbugs . Superbugs are
those bacteria which are resistant to
many antibiotics or single antibiotics. In some developing and developed
countries antibiotics are used in agricultural practices.
Four major reasons of antibiotic pollution:
a) Overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
b) Disposal of
expire and non-expire antibiotics in the soil and water-resources.
c) Antibiotic residues or waste discharged by
pharmaceuticals companies in the water
d) Disposal of
hospital or clinical waste contaminated with antibiotics.
he antibiotic overuse and misuse in both developed and
developing countries are responsible for antibiotic pollution . The
presence of antibiotic residues in the environment and natural systems at
global risk. Antibiotic helps in development of superbugs and many
antibiotic resistant strain in the microbial world . The use of antibiotics is
limitless and broad applications . Antibiotics pollution spread throughout
the world. Now The antibiotic residues found in the soil, water-bodies
like river, hospitals and environment. According to NCBI report various regions of India have discovered antimicrobial
residues in food animal products
(such as chicken meat and milk), indicating that antibiotic use in food
animal production is widespread. Not
only this, many countries of the world suffers from this type of problem.
Antibiotics used in livestock for prevention from diseases, growth and
ultimately helps in meat production. Increasing population highly demands meats and
animals food products that required more antibiotics(more use in poultry farm).
From the recent studies the introduction of antibiotics in the humans, chickens
and other commercial product producing animals may
led to incomplete absorption and
alteration in metabolism, a considerable fraction is released into the
environment through a variety of routes, such as sewage effluent, surface
runoff, agricultural activities, and animal waste discharge. Small
fraction of the antibiotic and its waste or residues can enhance of the
evolution of antimicrobial resistance or superbug bacteria and that may be hardly resistant to classical antibiotics to
the fifth(5th ) generations of the modern antibiotics. There are many cases in humans
that are badly affected and exposed by antibiotic resistant microbes and
unsuccessful to treat by all modern antibiotics. Selective pressure of antibiotic
pollution on bacteria of importance to public health and their consequences
because antibiotic selection pressure helps in superbugs evolution. The wastes
from hospitals and clinic play a major role in antibiotic pollution.
Possible modes of reduction in antibiotic
pollution :
Antibiotic pollution and its effects can be controlled and
minimized by -
a) Use of
antibiotics after prescriptions of doctor, do not use any antibiotics for
normal purposes and without advice of doctors.
b) Do not store
large amount of antibiotics without use or need that get expired .
c) Do not dispose
antibiotics or antibiotic residues or waste in the soil or water without
pre-treatment or destroying it. Using the heat for destruction of expired
antibiotics or residues or waste.
d) Do not use
excess amount of antibiotics in livestock or poultry for meat production.
e) Disposal of
hospitals and clinical waste after pre-treatment and heat exposure in the
isolated chambers.
f) Treatment
of the wastes from pharmaceuticals companies
before discharged in water or water channel of cities.
g) Awareness among
people for minimum use of antibiotics.
Conclusions:
Antibiotics are both life saving drugs as well as life
diminishing agents. Spreading of antibiotics in the environment and natural
resources by human activities cause severe problems. Awareness among people of
scientifically use and management of antibiotics
residues. If ignorance of antibiotic
pollution that will take lesser time for being an earth of antibiotic polluted
planet.
